SAE Transactions, Vol. 111, Section 4: JOURNAL OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS (2002), pp. 1452-1466 (15 pages) Currently, high-pressure fuel systems and swirl injectors dominate direct injection spark ...
It depends on the specific engine and application. Stockers usually place nozzles closer to the valve, downstream near the cylinder head; they're primarily concerned with idle quality, low emissions, ...