More research is necessary to understand cerebral oxygen consumption as a predictive biomarker for brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, this study found that mitochondrial dysfunction ...

Synaptic injury in the IPL of the retina is linked to MS progression, with IPL thickness as a potential biomarker. Hypoxia in MS patients exacerbates inflammation and mitochondrial damage, ...

Among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, those with a high relative abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum together with other periodontal bacteria were more likely to have moderate to severe disability ...