This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

This lab includes the complete titration procedure used to investigate how well a buffer resists changes in pH. Prepare a buffer solution by accurately calculating and measuring the required amounts ...

An acid-base indicator is a substance that changes color as the pH of the solution changes. Indicators work because they are weak acids which when in solution, exist in equilibrium with their ...

The pH of acidic, basic, and neutral aqueous solutions of salts is shown with ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium chloride. Place beakers containing distilled water and universal indicator ...

Process liquids and buffers are necessary tools for biotherapeutic manufacturing. In small-scale process development scales, these liquids are often overlooked as the focus is usually on the molecule, ...