Abstract: The diagnosis of open-circuit faults is required for the reliability of modular multilevel converters (MMC) and the complex operating environment of MMC may cause missing data and external ...

Crowbar circuits have long been the go-to safeguard against overvoltage conditions, prized for their simplicity and ...

Abstract: Due to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, integrated charging stations have been increasingly applied. However, because of the extensive number of components, when a fault occurs, ...